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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
05:48

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Published on: November 21, 2017

Cationic two-photon induced polymerization with high dynamic range.

Y Boiko, J Costa, M M Wang

    Optics Express
    |May 7, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study demonstrates efficient cationic photo-polymerization using a novel initiating system. The process shows a high dynamic range and localized photochemical response, outperforming traditional methods.

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    Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
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    Photogeneration of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Application in Photoinduced Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

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    Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

    Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
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    Published on: November 21, 2017

    Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
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    Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

    Published on: May 29, 2018

    Photogeneration of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Application in Photoinduced Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization
    12:19

    Photogeneration of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Application in Photoinduced Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

    Published on: November 29, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Polymer Chemistry
    • Photochemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Cationic polymerization is crucial for advanced materials.
    • Two-photon polymerization offers high spatial resolution.
    • Developing efficient photoinitiator systems is key for precise material fabrication.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate cationic-induced two-photon photo-polymerization at 710 nm.
    • To investigate the polymerization threshold and rate using a specific initiating system.
    • To analyze the impact of initiator concentration on polymerization efficiency.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized an isopropylthioxanthone / diarylidonium salt initiating system.
    • Employed two-photon photo-polymerization at 710 nm wavelength.
    • Performed in-situ monitoring of polymer conversion via interferometry.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a polymerization threshold (J2th) of 1 GW/cm², with a dynamic range exceeding 100.
    • Determined polymerization rate (R) proportional to the 1.7 power of intensity (R = [C(J-J2th)]1.7).
    • Observed significant improvements in R and J2th with increased initiator concentration (z).

    Conclusions:

    • The developed system enables highly localized photochemical responses, superior to free radical photoinitiators.
    • The initiator concentration directly influences both polymerization rate and threshold.
    • This method offers precise control over polymerization for fabricating complex structures.