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Related Concept Videos

Magnetism01:30

Magnetism

Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

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Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains
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Surface magnetism in amine-capped ZnO nanoparticles.

J F Liu1, En-Zuo Liu, H Wang

  • 1International Center for New-Structured Materials (ICNSM), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China. Laboratory of New-Structured Materials (LNSM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China.

Nanotechnology
|May 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Investigating zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles reveals their ferromagnetic properties, influenced by size and preparation. Surface defects, specifically oxygen vacancies, are identified as the origin of this magnetism in oxide nanoparticles.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are explored for their unique magnetic properties.
  • Understanding the origin of magnetism in ZnO nanoparticles is crucial for their applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the magnetic behaviors of pure ZnO nanoparticles.
  • To correlate magnetic properties with particle size and preparation methods.
  • To theoretically determine the source of ferromagnetism in ZnO nanoparticles.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles via thermal decomposition and ultrasonic irradiation.
  • Characterization of magnetic properties including saturation magnetization and coercive force.
  • First-principles calculations to elucidate the electronic structure and magnetic origins.

Main Results:

  • Monodisperse ZnO nanoparticles (9.6 nm) prepared by thermal decomposition exhibited ferromagnetic behavior (Ms ~ 34 memu/g, Hc ~ 22 Oe).
  • Smaller ZnO nanoparticles (5.2 nm) from ultrasonic irradiation showed weak ferromagnetism (Ms ~ 0.12 memu/g, Hc ~ 150 Oe).
  • Theoretical calculations indicated that 2p holes on surface atoms (oxygen dangling bonds or nitrogen in adsorbed NH3) are the source of magnetism.

Conclusions:

  • The size and preparation method significantly influence the ferromagnetic properties of ZnO nanoparticles.
  • Surface defects, particularly oxygen-related 2p holes, are identified as the primary origin of magnetism in ZnO nanoparticles.
  • These findings provide insights into controlling and utilizing the magnetic behavior of oxide nanoparticles.