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Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...

Microtubules in Signaling

Microtubules in Signaling

The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...

Lysosomal Hydrolases

Lysosomal Hydrolases

Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...

Diversity of Protists II

Diversity of Protists II

Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...

Bacterial Phylum Tenericutes

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The phylum Tenericutes, which includes the single class Mollicutes, comprises bacteria that lack cell walls. The term "Mollicutes" derives from the Latin word mollis, meaning "soft." These organisms are among the smallest known and are commonly referred to as mycoplasmas due to the prominence of the genus Mycoplasma, which includes well-known human pathogens. Despite their inability to stain gram-positively (a result of their lack of cell walls), mycoplasmas are phylogenetically related to the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Published on: July 13, 2015

The nonmotile ciliopathies.

Jonathan L Tobin¹, Philip L Beales

¹Cancer Research United Kingdom London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.

Genetics in Medicine : Official Journal of the American College of Medical Genetics

|May 8, 2009

Summary

Disorders of nonmotile cilia, known as ciliopathies, are increasingly understood, revealing crucial insights into cell biology and genetics. Research highlights protein functions, signaling pathways, and therapeutic avenues for these complex genetic diseases.

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Human Genetics
Developmental Biology

Background:

Nonmotile cilia are crucial cellular organelles with diverse functions.
Disorders affecting these cilia, termed ciliopathies, manifest in various human genetic diseases.
Recent advancements have significantly deepened our understanding of cilia biology and associated pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the key features of ciliopathies.
To summarize the underlying genetics and protein functions involved in these disorders.
To discuss current findings, therapeutic potential, and future research directions.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent studies on ciliopathies.
Analysis of genetic data and protein functions.

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Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis

Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis

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Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia

Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia

Published on: April 14, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Published on: July 13, 2015

Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis

Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis

Published on: January 31, 2025

Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia

Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia

Published on: April 14, 2017

Synthesis of findings from new animal models and signaling pathway research.

Main Results:

Ciliopathies involve a wide range of genetic defects affecting diverse protein functions.
Ciliary proteins play critical roles in key signaling pathways and embryonic development.
New animal models have provided valuable insights into disease mechanisms.
Unusual genetic inheritance patterns are observed in many ciliopathies.

Conclusions:

The study of nonmotile cilia has revolutionized cell biology and human genetics.
Understanding ciliopathies offers potential for novel therapeutic strategies.
Further research is essential to fully elucidate the function of cilia and treat associated diseases.