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Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform01:07

Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform

The concept of effective value, the root mean square (RMS) value, is crucial in understanding electrical circuits and power delivery. This idea emerges from the necessity to measure the effectiveness of a voltage or current source in supplying power to a resistive load.
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Frequency Response of a Circuit

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Frequency Response of Op Amp Circuits

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Frequency Response and Gain:
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Generating Electromagnetic Radiations

The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

A frequency-agile terahertz-wave parametric oscillator.

K Imai, K Kawase, H Ito

    Optics Express
    |May 8, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed a tunable terahertz-wave parametric oscillator using lithium niobate (LiNbO3). This device allows rapid, random frequency tuning between 1 and 2 THz for versatile applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Solid-State Physics
    • Terahertz Science

    Background:

    • Terahertz (THz) wave generation is crucial for spectroscopy and imaging.
    • Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a nonlinear optical material suitable for THz-wave parametric oscillation.
    • Achieving tunable and accessible THz sources remains an active research area.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a pulse-to-pulse frequency-tunable LiNbO3-based terahertz-wave parametric oscillator (TPO).
    • To achieve rapid and random frequency accessibility within the 1-2 THz range.
    • To investigate the use of optical beam steering for frequency control.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a Q-switched Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser as the pump source.
    • Employed a lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystal within the parametric oscillator setup.

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  • Implemented an optical beam scanner and telescope system to control the pump beam angle.

    • Main Results:

    • Successfully demonstrated a frequency-tunable LiNbO3 terahertz-wave parametric oscillator.
    • Achieved rapid tuning of THz wave output from 1 to 2 THz.
    • Confirmed random frequency accessibility by adjusting the pump beam angle.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed TPO system offers a versatile platform for THz wave generation.
    • Optical beam steering provides an effective method for achieving rapid and random frequency tuning.
    • This technology has potential applications in THz spectroscopy, sensing, and imaging.