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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

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Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
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The pharmacogenetics of drug transporters is increasingly recognized as a critical factor influencing interindividual variability in drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. These membrane-bound proteins regulate drugs' movement across cellular barriers by actively pumping them out (efflux) or facilitating their uptake (influx). Among the major transporter families, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporters play particularly prominent roles. Genetic polymorphisms...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
07:11

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Published on: May 25, 2020

Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms and primary glaucoma in Saudis.

Najwa Mohammed Al-Dabbagh1, Nourah Al-Dohayan, Misbahul Arfin

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Armed Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Molecular Vision
|May 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 allele is a risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in Saudi patients, while epsilon3 may be protective. APOE variations were not linked to primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG).

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide.
  • Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphisms are implicated in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cardiovascular conditions.
  • Understanding the genetic factors, such as APOE alleles, is crucial for identifying glaucoma risk and developing targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the frequencies of apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles and genotypes in Saudi patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG).
  • To determine the association between specific APOE alleles (epsilon2, epsilon3, epsilon4) and glaucoma subtypes in the Saudi population.
  • To evaluate the potential role of APOE polymorphisms as risk or protective factors for POAG and PACG.

Main Methods:

  • Genotyping of apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles (epsilon2, epsilon3, epsilon4) was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  • Reverse-hybridization and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) techniques were employed for allele analysis.
  • The study included 230 Saudi subjects: 60 POAG patients, 40 PACG patients, and 130 healthy control subjects.

Main Results:

  • The epsilon2 allele was completely absent in all subjects studied.
  • Primary glaucoma patients exhibited a significantly lower frequency of the epsilon3 allele (90.5%) compared to controls (95.7%).
  • The epsilon4 allele was significantly more frequent in glaucoma patients (9.5%) than in controls (4.2%).
  • POAG patients showed a higher frequency of the epsilon4 allele and epsilon4/epsilon4 genotype compared to controls.
  • No significant association was found between APOE allele and genotype frequencies and PACG in the Saudi population.

Conclusions:

  • The epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is identified as a potential risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in the Saudi population.
  • The epsilon3 allele of APOE may confer a protective effect against POAG in this cohort.
  • APOE gene polymorphisms do not appear to be associated with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) in Saudi individuals.