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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...

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Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis
09:32

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: October 15, 2021

MHC class II DR classification based on antigen-binding groove natural selection.

Shin-nosuke Takeshima1, Akinori Sarai, Yoshinori Sarai

  • 1Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|May 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules show diverse evolutionary paths across mammals. Species-specific selective pressures shape the evolution of MHC-DR genes, impacting immune responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Immunogenetics
  • Comparative genomics

Background:

  • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are crucial for immune responses and exhibit high polymorphism.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding MHC molecules in non-model animal species.
  • MHC-DRB nucleotide sequences and evolutionary pressures are key to understanding immune diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To classify five mammalian species based on MHC-DRB nucleotide sequences and evolutionary selection pressures.
  • To investigate the patterns of natural selection acting on MHC-DR molecules across different species.
  • To compare the evolutionary dynamics of MHC-DR genes in humans, cows, dogs, cats, and pigs.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of DRB nucleotide sequences from five mammalian species.
  • Calculation of synonymous and nonsynonymous mutation rates.
  • Identification of residues under positive and negative natural selection.
  • Mapping selected residues onto three-dimensional DR structures.

Main Results:

  • Mammalian species were grouped into three clusters based on DRB sequences and selection patterns: (human), (cow and dog), and (cat and pig).
  • Swine and feline DR molecules showed evidence of negative selection in antigen-recognition sites.
  • Bovine and canine DR molecules exhibited positive selection in antigen-recognition sites.
  • Human DR molecules displayed signatures of both high negative and positive selection.

Conclusions:

  • MHC-DR molecules evolve under distinct selective forces that vary significantly between species.
  • The observed selection patterns suggest species-specific adaptations in immune recognition.
  • Comparative analysis of MHC evolution provides insights into pathogen resistance strategies.