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Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

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Fetal exposure to phthalates--a pilot study.

Matthias Wittassek1, Juergen Angerer, Marike Kolossa-Gehring

  • 1Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstr. 25/29, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
|May 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Phthalate metabolites, including those from di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), are detectable in human amniotic fluid, indicating fetal exposure. Maternal urine levels correlate with fetal exposure, suggesting its utility for risk assessment.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Reproductive Toxicology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Phthalates are endocrine disruptors with potential developmental and reproductive toxicity.
  • The human fetus is particularly vulnerable to phthalate exposure.
  • Data on in utero phthalate exposure in humans is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and levels of phthalate metabolites in human amniotic fluid (AF) and maternal urine (MU).
  • To explore the correlation between phthalate metabolite concentrations in AF and MU.
  • To assess the potential for fetal exposure to phthalates during pregnancy.

Main Methods:

  • Pilot study involving 11 pairs of AF and MU samples collected during Caesarean sections.
  • Analysis of phthalate metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
  • Quantification of metabolites including DnBP, DiBP, BBzP, and DEHP.

Main Results:

  • Phthalate metabolites were detected in all AF samples.
  • Oxidative phthalate metabolites, specifically DEHP carboxy metabolites, were identified in AF for the first time.
  • Significant linear correlations were observed between AF and MU for diisobutyl phthalate monoester (MiBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate monoester (MEHP).

Conclusions:

  • Several phthalates or their metabolites reach the human fetus.
  • Maternal urine phthalate levels may serve as a reliable indicator for assessing both maternal and fetal exposure.
  • Further research is crucial to understand fetal phthalate metabolism and its impact on reproductive development.