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Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
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Persistent challenging behaviour in people with an intellectual disability.

Vasiliki Totsika1, Richard P Hastings

  • 1School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK. v.totsika@bangor.ac.uk

Current Opinion in Psychiatry
|May 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Challenging behaviors in individuals with intellectual disability often persist throughout life, particularly in adults and those with autism. Further research is needed to understand the factors contributing to this stability.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Behavioral Science
  • Intellectual Disability Research

Background:

  • Challenging behaviors are a significant concern for individuals with intellectual disability.
  • Understanding the persistence of these behaviors is crucial for effective interventions.
  • Previous research has highlighted the need for more data on long-term behavioral patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current research on the persistence of challenging behaviors in adults and children with intellectual disability.
  • To identify trends in behavioral stability and change over time.
  • To highlight gaps in knowledge regarding factors influencing behavior persistence.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of recent studies on challenging behaviors in intellectual disability.
  • Analysis of data on behavior persistence and change across different age groups.
  • Comparison of findings regarding behavioral stability in adults versus children.

Main Results:

  • Persistence of challenging behaviors is high in adults with intellectual disability and tends to be stable over time.
  • Challenging behaviors show moderate to high stability in children, with some evidence of decreasing problem behavior scores.
  • Individuals with autism spectrum disorder exhibit particularly stable challenging behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • A significant number of individuals with intellectual disability experience lifelong persistent and stable challenging behaviors.
  • Current understanding of the underlying factors driving the persistence of these behaviors is limited.
  • Further investigation into the etiology and maintenance of challenging behaviors is warranted.