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Related Concept Videos

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Neuromuscular Junction And Blockade01:29

Neuromuscular Junction And Blockade

The site of chemical communication between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The end of the motor neuron at the NMJ divides into a cluster of synaptic end bulbs. The cytoplasm of these bulbs consists of synaptic vesicles enclosing acetylcholine molecules, the principal neurotransmitter released at the NMJ. The region opposite the synaptic bulb that ends in the muscle fiber is called the motor end plate, which has acetylcholine receptors. Within the...
cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
Pharmacodynamics: Overview and Principles01:21

Pharmacodynamics: Overview and Principles

Pharmacodynamics is a scientific field that delves into drugs' intricate biochemical, cellular, and physiological effects on the human body. The study of pharmacodynamics helps us understand how drugs interact with the body and elicit various responses.
Most drugs' effects result from their interactions with drug receptors or targets within the body. These interactions trigger specific responses at the cellular or systemic level. Drug receptors can be found on the surfaces of cells or within...
Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways01:41

Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways

Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...
Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways01:41

Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways

Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

High-Throughput Automated Multiplex Immunofluorescence Assays for Translational Research
09:12

High-Throughput Automated Multiplex Immunofluorescence Assays for Translational Research

Published on: June 10, 2025

Translating costimulation blockade to the clinic: lessons learned from three pathways.

Mandy L Ford1, Christian P Larsen

  • 1Department of Surgery, Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.

Immunological Reviews
|May 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Blocking costimulatory pathways like CD28/CD80/CD86 shows promise in transplantation by inhibiting T-cell responses and improving graft survival. Further research and collaboration are needed for clinical application.

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Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries
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Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries
08:49

Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries

Published on: January 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation Biology
  • Drug Development

Background:

  • Costimulatory signals are crucial for T-cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation.
  • Understanding costimulatory molecules is key to managing anti-donor T-cell responses in transplantation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the bench-to-bedside translation of blocking agents targeting three critical costimulatory pathways.
  • To assess the progress and challenges in developing these agents for clinical use.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on blocking agents for the CD28/CD80/CD86, CD154/CD40, and LFA-1/ICAM pathways.
  • Evaluation of preclinical (murine models) and clinical development stages.

Main Results:

  • Blockade of these pathways demonstrated potential in inhibiting donor-reactive T-cells and promoting graft survival in murine models.
  • Developmental trajectories for agents targeting each pathway have varied, with distinct logistical and biological challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Costimulatory blockade shows promise but has not yet replaced standard calcineurin inhibitors.
  • Continued collaboration between basic science and clinical research is essential for advancing these therapies.