Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Empiric azithromycin alters the upper respiratory microbiome and resistome without anti-inflammatory benefit in COVID-19.

Nature microbiology·2026
Same author

Author Correction: Machine learning models predict long COVID outcomes based on baseline clinical and immunologic factors.

Communications medicine·2026
Same author

Machine learning models predict long COVID outcomes based on baseline clinical and immunologic factors.

Communications medicine·2026
Same author

Host Genetic Architecture between Epstein-Barr Virus Activity and Multiple Sclerosis Reveals Shared Pathways.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025
Same author

Evaluating COVID-19 severity prediction and immune dynamics with NULISAseq: Insights from the IMPACC study.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)·2025
Same author

Circulating endothelial signatures correlate with worse outcomes in COVID-19, respiratory failure and ARDS.

Critical care (London, England)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
11:12

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

Autoimmunity risk alleles in costimulation pathways.

Lisa M Maier1, David A Hafler

  • 1Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. lmaier@rics.bwh.harvard.edu

Immunological Reviews
|May 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Genetic and environmental factors influence autoimmune disease susceptibility. New studies reveal common costimulatory pathways involving genes like cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 and programmed cell death 1, offering targets for drug design.

More Related Videos

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens
06:03

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens

Published on: September 20, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
11:12

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens
06:03

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens

Published on: September 20, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases arise from complex genetic and environmental interactions.
  • Recent genetic studies enhance understanding of disease mechanisms and common pathways.
  • Costimulatory molecules play a crucial role in immune responses and disease pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review costimulatory mechanisms strongly associated with autoimmune diseases.
  • To highlight key genes identified through genome-wide association scans.
  • To explore the implications for autoimmune disease drug development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of large-scale genetic association studies in autoimmune diseases.
  • Focus on genes with convincing association results in patient and control cohorts.
  • Analysis of costimulatory pathway genes including CTLA-4, CD58, CD40, ICOS, CD244, CD226, TNFSF4, TNFSF15, and PD-1.

Main Results:

  • Genome-wide association scans identify immune-related genes in autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
  • Common involvement of costimulatory pathways is implicated across various autoimmune conditions.
  • Specific genes like cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) show significant associations.

Conclusions:

  • Costimulatory pathways are central to the pathogenesis of human autoimmune diseases.
  • Understanding genetic variants and their functional impact informs rational drug design.
  • This research provides a foundation for developing targeted therapies for autoimmune conditions.