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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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XRD investigation of binary alloy solidification.

Roberto Montanari1, Franco Gauzzi

  • 1Rome University Tor Vergata, Mechanical Engineering, Viale Politecnico 1, Rome, Italy.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|May 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Atomic clusters form in liquid alloys before solidification, as shown by high-temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of In-10Sn and Sn-13Pb. These findings suggest potential benefits of reduced gravity for future solidification research.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Solidification Science

Background:

  • Understanding the initial stages of solidification in binary alloys is crucial for materials processing.
  • High-temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful tool for in-situ structural analysis of melts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural evolution of In-10Sn and Sn-13Pb melts during cooling and solidification.
  • To identify the formation of atomic clusters in the liquid phase prior to solidification.

Main Methods:

  • High-temperature X-ray diffractometry (XRD) in a controlled Argon atmosphere.
  • Step-by-step recording of XRD spectra during slow cooling of molten alloys.
  • Determination of radial distribution functions (RDFs) at various temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Evidence of atomic cluster formation in the liquid melt immediately preceding the onset of solidification.
  • Detailed monitoring of structural changes in the liquid state during cooling.
  • Analysis of experimental challenges in real-time phase transformation monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • Atomic clusters are present in the melt before the first solid appears.
  • Reduced gravity conditions, such as on the International Space Station, may offer improved experimental settings by minimizing convective motion.