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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

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Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
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Published on: February 2, 2024

Regulatory circuits underlying pluripotency and reprogramming.

Jeong Tae Do1, Hans R Schöler

  • 1Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, 605-21 Yoeksam 1-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-081, South Korea. dojt@cha.ac.kr

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
|May 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This review explores how pluripotent stem cells become specific cell types. It details key factors and genetic reprogramming mechanisms, focusing on transcription factors and cellular machinery in cell fate determination.

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Published on: May 12, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into any cell type, offering significant therapeutic potential.
  • Understanding pluripotency and reprogramming is crucial for regenerative medicine and drug discovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review factors and pathways governing pluripotency.
  • To discuss genetic reprogramming mechanisms using defined transcription factors.
  • To examine the interplay between core transcription factors and cellular machinery in cell fate determination.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pluripotency and reprogramming.
  • Analysis of core transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog).
  • Examination of epigenetic modifications and regulatory elements (chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, microRNA, X chromosome inactivation).

Main Results:

  • Pluripotency is regulated by a complex network of transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers.
  • Defined transcription factors can induce genetic reprogramming.
  • Specific transcription factors interact with chromatin remodelers, DNA methylation, microRNAs, and X chromosome inactivation to control cell fate.

Conclusions:

  • Core transcription factors play a pivotal role in maintaining pluripotency and directing cell differentiation.
  • The cellular machinery, including epigenetic modifications, is essential for successful genetic reprogramming.
  • Further research into these mechanisms can advance stem cell therapies and regenerative medicine.