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Related Concept Videos

Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria01:10

Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria

Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a virus that...
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Introduction to Virus

Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

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Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...

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Methodology for the Efficient Generation of Fluorescently Tagged Vaccinia Virus Proteins
09:27

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Published on: January 17, 2014

Vaccinia virus strain differences in cell attachment and entry.

Zain Bengali1, Alan C Townsley, Bernard Moss

  • 1Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 33 North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3210, USA.

Virology
|May 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Vaccinia virus (VACV) entry mechanisms vary by strain. Some strains prefer low pH pathways, while others depend on cell surface binding, impacting viral entry strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Vaccinia virus (VACV) exhibits diverse cell entry mechanisms, including low pH-dependent endocytosis and direct plasma membrane fusion.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for comprehending viral infection and developing antiviral strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the attachment and entry mechanisms of five different VACV strains across six cell lines.
  • To elucidate the differential reliance of VACV strains on low pH endosomal pathways versus glycosaminoglycan-dependent attachment.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of VACV strain attachment and entry kinetics.
  • Assessment of entry rates under varying pH conditions and in the presence of bafilomycin A1 (endosomal acidification inhibitor).
  • Evaluation of strain sensitivity to heparin inhibition and binding to glycosaminoglycan-deficient cells.

Main Results:

  • VACV strain WR showed pH-enhanced entry and bafilomycin A1 sensitivity, indicating reliance on low pH endosomes.
  • Strains IHD-J, Copenhagen, and Elstree were less dependent on low pH pathways and highly sensitive to heparin, suggesting glycosaminoglycan binding is critical for their attachment.
  • Strain Wyeth displayed intermediate characteristics, with some bafilomycin A1 sensitivity but not pH enhancement, and moderate heparin sensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • VACV strains display distinct cell entry strategies, broadly categorized into low pH pathway utilization and glycosaminoglycan-dependent attachment.
  • The WR strain primarily uses the low pH endosomal pathway, while IHD-J, Copenhagen, and Elstree strains are more reliant on initial binding to cell surface glycosaminoglycans.
  • These findings highlight strain-specific variations in VACV cell entry, influencing viral infectivity and host cell interactions.