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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial precursors...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
12:59

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

Published on: July 5, 2017

Mitochondrial function in physically active elders with sarcopenia.

D L Waters1, P G Mullins, C R Qualls

  • 1University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States. debra.waters@otago.ac.nz

Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
|May 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sarcopenia, or age-related muscle loss, is linked to impaired aerobic metabolism and mitochondrial function, even in active older adults. This suggests a mild energy instability in muscles affected by sarcopenia.

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Measurement of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Fibers by High-Resolution Respirometry
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Measurement of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Fibers by High-Resolution Respirometry

Published on: October 4, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
12:59

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

Published on: July 5, 2017

Measurement of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Fibers by High-Resolution Respirometry
08:12

Measurement of Mitochondrial Respiration in Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Fibers by High-Resolution Respirometry

Published on: October 4, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Exercise physiology
  • Skeletal muscle metabolism
  • Aging research

Background:

  • Physical activity is known to protect against sarcopenia and maintain mitochondrial health.
  • Sarcopenia is characterized by age-related loss of muscle mass and function.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathophysiology of sarcopenia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gastrocnemius mitochondrial function in sarcopenic individuals compared to healthy controls.
  • To assess muscle energetics during steady-state exercise in older adults with and without sarcopenia.

Main Methods:

  • Recruitment of healthy normal lean (NL) and sarcopenic (SS) participants based on body composition (DXA), age, and physical activity.
  • Assessment of gastrocnemius mitochondrial function using phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P MRS) during steady-state exercise.
  • Measurement of total work output, muscle volume, and key energy metabolites (ATP, ADP, PCr).

Main Results:

  • Sarcopenic participants exhibited lower total work output and muscle volume.
  • At rest, sarcopenic individuals had lower ATP/ADP ratios and higher ATP hydrolysis.
  • During exercise, sarcopenic individuals showed greater free energy of ATP hydrolysis and higher [ADP] relative to work output.
  • Phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery kinetics were similar between groups.

Conclusions:

  • Aerobic metabolism appears mildly impaired at rest and during exercise in physically active older adults with sarcopenia.
  • These impairments are not fully explained by differences in work output or muscle volume.
  • Further research is needed to identify the specific cellular mechanisms underlying energy instability in sarcopenia.