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Related Concept Videos

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
G Protein-coupled Receptors01:15

G Protein-coupled Receptors

G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or serpentine receptors, and consist of seven (H1-H7) transmembrane alpha-helices that span the bilayer to form a cylindrical core. The transmembrane helices are connected by three extracellular loops and three...
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
The Two-State Receptor Model01:29

The Two-State Receptor Model

The two-state receptor model explains a drug's interaction with receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels, to induce or inhibit a biological response. When no natural ligands are present, a receptor exists in an equilibrium of inactive (Ri) and active (Ra) conformations. The inactive form does not produce a response, while the active form generates a basal effect known as constitutive activity.
The binding affinity of a drug determines its interaction with one...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists
10:51

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists

Published on: November 15, 2013

Understanding nuclear receptors using computational methods.

Ni Ai1, Matthew D Krasowski, William J Welsh

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.

Drug Discovery Today
|May 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Computational methods aid drug discovery by revealing nuclear receptor (NR) interactions. This review highlights their use in identifying new drugs and predicting toxic side effects of xenobiotics, focusing on pregnane X receptor (PXR).

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists
10:51

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists

Published on: November 15, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Toxicology
  • Computational Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Nuclear receptors (NRs) are crucial drug targets regulating gene expression.
  • NRs function by binding ligands and interacting with regulatory proteins.
  • Understanding these interactions is key for drug development and safety assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of computational methods in studying clinically important NRs.
  • To emphasize the role of computational approaches in drug discovery and toxicity prediction.
  • To focus on the pregnane X receptor (PXR) as a case study.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of computational techniques applied to NRs.
  • Analysis of computational insights into ligand-receptor interactions.
  • Examination of computational predictions for protein-protein interactions.

Main Results:

  • Computational methods facilitate the discovery of novel NR agonists and antagonists.
  • These methods enhance the specificity and affinity of potential drug candidates.
  • Computational approaches aid in predicting drug toxicity by identifying off-target interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Computational strategies are invaluable for advancing NR-targeted drug discovery.
  • Predictive toxicology using computational tools can mitigate risks associated with xenobiotics.
  • Further application of these methods, especially for PXR, promises significant therapeutic and safety benefits.