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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Probability Laws01:49

Probability Laws

Overview
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Hepatitis B Prevalence during pregnancy.

S Chatterjee1, K Ravishankar, R Chatterjee

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Calcutta Medical College, Kolkata, India. sukantachatterjee@hotmail.com

Indian Pediatrics
|May 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found a low prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers among pregnant women in India, with only 0.82% testing positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). This research supports the need for effective HBV prevention strategies during pregnancy.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) poses a significant global health challenge, particularly concerning vertical transmission from mother to child.
  • Effective post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) strategies are crucial for preventing HBV infection in newborns.
  • Understanding the prevalence of HBV carriage in pregnant populations is essential for targeted intervention programs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of a new hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in preventing vertical transmission of HBV.
  • To determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity among pregnant women in India.

Main Methods:

  • A phase 3, multi-site, vertical transmission clinical interventional trial was conducted across 15 sites in India.
  • A large-scale screening program involved testing 36,379 pregnant women for HBsAg using Rapid Tests, with positive results confirmed by ELISA.
  • Data analysis focused on calculating the weighted mean prevalence of HBsAg positivity.

Main Results:

  • The weighted mean prevalence of HBsAg positivity among pregnant women in India was found to be 0.82% (95% CI, 0.72, 0.91).
  • This prevalence rate is considered low when compared to previous reports on HBV carrier states in pregnant populations in India.

Conclusions:

  • The study indicates a relatively low prevalence of HBV carrier state among pregnant women in India.
  • These findings contribute valuable epidemiological data for public health strategies aimed at HBV prevention and control in pregnant women and newborns.