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Related Concept Videos

Toxoplasmosis01:28

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Trichomoniasis01:18

Trichomoniasis

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of trichomoniasis, one of the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infections in the United States. This extracellular parasite primarily colonizes the lower genitourinary tract in women—particularly the vagina—and in men, the urethra and prostate. Its structural and functional adaptations enable its survival, motility, and pathogenicity within the host environment.Structural Features and Host EntryT.
American Trypanosomiasis01:22

American Trypanosomiasis

Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is a vector-borne parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellated protozoan (kinetoplastid) of the family Trypanosomatidae. The disease is endemic in Latin America, although cases are increasingly reported worldwide due to human migration. Transmission most commonly occurs when feces of infected triatomine bugs contaminate bite wounds or mucosal surfaces; additional routes include congenital, transfusional, transplant-related, and oral...
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Obtaining Highly Purified Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts by a Discontinuous Cesium Chloride Gradient
11:17

Obtaining Highly Purified Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts by a Discontinuous Cesium Chloride Gradient

Published on: November 3, 2009

Treating ocular toxoplasmosis: current evidence.

M R Stanford1, R E Gilbert

  • 1Rayne Institute, Dept. Academic Ophthalmology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Campus, Lambeth Palace Road, SE1 7EH London, England. miles.stanford@kcl.ac.uk

Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
|May 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evidence supporting antibiotic treatment for ocular toxoplasmosis is weak, with a need for rigorous trials. Current therapies lack robust randomized placebo-controlled data, highlighting an urgent research gap.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Obtaining Highly Purified Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts by a Discontinuous Cesium Chloride Gradient
11:17

Obtaining Highly Purified Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts by a Discontinuous Cesium Chloride Gradient

Published on: November 3, 2009

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Ocular toxoplasmosis treatment remains controversial.
  • Current mainstays include pyrimethamine and sulfonamides, often with corticosteroids.
  • Evidence for antibiotic efficacy in recurrent retinochoroiditis is limited and lacks randomized trials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the current evidence for antibiotic treatment in ocular toxoplasmosis.
  • To highlight the need for robust clinical trials.
  • To assess the efficacy of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies on antibiotic treatment for ocular toxoplasmosis.
  • Analysis of methodological weaknesses in prior research.
  • Identification of adverse effects reported in previous studies.

Main Results:

  • Only three studies have investigated antibiotic efficacy, all methodologically weak.
  • Two of these studies were conducted over 30 years ago.
  • All reviewed studies reported treatment-related adverse effects.

Conclusions:

  • There is insufficient evidence to support the current antibiotic treatment protocols for ocular toxoplasmosis.
  • Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies are urgently needed.
  • Further research should investigate treatment for all retinal lesion locations and the role of corticosteroids.