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Related Concept Videos

Reversible and Irreversible Processes01:14

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

The thermodynamic processes can be classified into reversible and irreversible processes. The processes that can be restored to their initial state are called reversible processes. It is only possible if the process is in quasi-static equilibrium, i.e., it takes place in infinitesimally small steps, and the system remains at equilibrium However, these are ideal processes and do not occur naturally. An ideal system undergoing a reversible process is always in thermodynamic equilibrium within...
Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible01:08

Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible

An exchange reaction is a chemical reaction in which both synthesis and decomposition occur, chemical bonds are both formed and broken, and chemical energy is absorbed, stored, and released.
A special kind of exchange reaction is the oxidation-reduction reaction, or the redox reaction. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another. The electrons in these reactions commonly come from hydrogen atoms, which consist of an electron and a proton. A molecule gives up a...
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
Thermodynamic Processes01:25

Thermodynamic Processes

A thermodynamic process is a path through a sequence of states that takes a system from an initial state to a final state. In a cyclic process, the system returns to its initial state, so the changes in state properties and state functions (ΔT, Δp, ΔV, ΔU, ΔH) over one complete cycle are zero. However, heat and work transfers can still occur during the cycle, and the net heat and net work over the cycle need not be zero.A reversible process occurs when the system is infinitesimally close to...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (SSTD NMR): A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes
11:44

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (SSTD NMR): A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes

Published on: November 12, 2016

Reversible mass exchange between two multicomponent systems of different temperatures.

M Hartung1, W Köhler

  • 1Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany.

The European Physical Journal. E, Soft Matter
|May 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Reversible work calculations in nonequilibrium systems are critically examined. This analysis reveals that calculating reversible work is akin to determining the dissipation function for irreversible processes, impacting thermal diffusion coefficient derivations.

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (SSTD NMR): A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes
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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics
  • Transport Phenomena

Background:

  • The concept of reversible work is applied in deriving thermal diffusion coefficients in non-equilibrium systems.
  • Understanding heat and mass exchange in systems with varying temperatures and pressures is crucial for thermodynamic analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically examine the concept and application of reversible work in non-equilibrium systems.
  • To investigate the relationship between reversible work and the dissipation function in heat and mass exchange processes.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed analysis of heat and mass exchange between two multicomponent systems.
  • General theoretical considerations.
  • Examination of a specific illustrative example.

Main Results:

  • Calculating reversible work is demonstrated to be equivalent to calculating the dissipation function for the corresponding irreversible process.
  • The study highlights the challenges in deriving thermal diffusion coefficients directly from the dissipation function.

Conclusions:

  • The established methods for calculating reversible work in non-equilibrium thermodynamics require critical re-evaluation.
  • The direct utility of the dissipation function for obtaining expressions for thermal diffusion coefficients remains unclear.