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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Chemical and Solubility Equilibria02:21

Chemical and Solubility Equilibria

The free energy change associated with dissolving a solute in a liter of solvent is called the free energy of a solution, ΔGsolution. The overall ΔGsolution is expressed as the balance of ΔGinteraction against the always-favorable free-energy of mixing, ΔGmixing. Solution formation is favorable if  ΔGsolution is less than zero, whereas it is unfavorable if ΔGsolution is greater than zero. In short, for a solution to form and complete dissolution to take place, the Gibbs energy change must be...
Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
Expressing Solution Concentration02:48

Expressing Solution Concentration

A solute is a component of a solution that is typically present at a much lower concentration than the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
Concentrations may be quantitatively assessed using a wide variety of measurement units, each convenient for particular applications. Molarity (M) is a useful concentration unit for many applications in chemistry.

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Production and Testing of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Mimics
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Does dimeric melittin occur in aqueous solutions?

D Schubert, G Pappert, K Boss

    Biophysical Journal
    |May 12, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Melittin, a peptide from bee venom, can form tetramers in water. This study found that the dimeric form of melittin is not significantly present during this association process.

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    Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides

    Published on: September 7, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Biophysics
    • Protein Chemistry

    Background:

    • Melittin, a primary component of bee venom, is a well-characterized peptide.
    • Melittin is known to reversibly associate in aqueous solutions, typically forming monomers and tetramers.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the potential role and population of dimeric melittin in its aqueous association equilibrium.
    • To quantitatively assess the contribution of dimeric melittin to the overall peptide association.

    Main Methods:

    • Sedimentation equilibrium experiments were performed using an analytical ultracentrifuge.
    • Mathematical analysis of the obtained concentration distribution data was employed.

    Main Results:

    • The study found that the dimeric state of melittin is not significantly populated in aqueous solutions.
    • The contribution of dimeric melittin to the total peptide weight was determined to be likely below 0.5%.

    Conclusions:

    • The association equilibrium of melittin in aqueous solutions predominantly involves monomer and tetramer forms.
    • Dimeric melittin plays a negligible role in the self-assembly of melittin under the studied conditions.