Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Heart Sounds01:15

Heart Sounds

Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V) valves at the...
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mild but Not Minor: Reconsidering Clinical Practice and Tinnitus-Related Aspects of Mild Hearing Loss.

Journal of audiology & otology·2026
Same author

Correction: Kim et al. The Suppression of Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase L1 Promotes the Transdifferentiation of Auditory Supporting Cells into Hair Cells by Regulating the mTOR Pathway. <i>Cells</i> 2024, <i>13</i>, 737.

Cells·2026
Same author

Correction: Jung et al. miR-409-3p Regulates IFNG and p16 Signaling in the Human Blood of Aging-Related Hearing Loss. <i>Cells</i> 2024, 13, 1595.

Cells·2026
Same author

Motion Exposure, Cognitive Impairment, and Risk Factors for Mal de Débarquement Syndrome.

Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery·2026
Same author

Limosilactobacillus fermentum SPC L75-1: a novel sourdough starter enhancing bread quality and exhibiting postbiotic immunomodulatory activity.

BMC microbiology·2026
Same author

Utility of the tympanic membrane temperature probe for continuous core temperature monitoring during general anesthesia: in vitro laboratory validation and prospective observational study.

Anesthesia and pain medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Intrathecal Application of a Fluorescent Dye for the Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Cochlear Malformation
06:59

Intrathecal Application of a Fluorescent Dye for the Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Cochlear Malformation

Published on: February 29, 2020

Congenital stapes anomalies with normal eardrum.

Hun Yi Park1, Dong Hee Han, Jong Bin Lee

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.

Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology
|May 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Congenital stapes anomalies, often presenting as footplate fixation, are common causes of conductive hearing loss. Surgical outcomes for these ossicular malformations vary, with success linked to the footplate

Keywords:
Conductive hearing lossOssicular replacementStapes

More Related Videos

Robot-Assisted Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma
02:37

Robot-Assisted Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma

Published on: December 15, 2023

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach
09:20

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

Published on: March 5, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Intrathecal Application of a Fluorescent Dye for the Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Cochlear Malformation
06:59

Intrathecal Application of a Fluorescent Dye for the Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Cochlear Malformation

Published on: February 29, 2020

Robot-Assisted Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma
02:37

Robot-Assisted Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma

Published on: December 15, 2023

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach
09:20

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

Published on: March 5, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Surgical Outcomes

Background:

  • Congenital ossicular malformations, particularly stapes anomalies, are primary causes of non-progressive conductive hearing loss.
  • Normal tympanic membranes and external auditory canals with no trauma or infection history suggest congenital origin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate diverse patterns of congenital stapes anomalies.
  • To evaluate surgical outcomes in relation to identified stapes anomaly patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case review of 66 patients (76 ears) with confirmed congenital stapes anomalies.
  • Analysis of exploratory tympanotomy findings, audiological data, temporal bone CT scans, and operative results.

Main Results:

  • Sixteen distinct stapes anomaly patterns were identified, with footplate fixation being the most prevalent.
  • Footplate fixation anomalies were predominantly bilateral, while other stapes anomalies were typically unilateral.
  • Successful hearing gain was achieved in 67.1% (51/76 ears) following surgical intervention.

Conclusions:

  • Surgical success in treating stapes anomalies appears correlated with the developmental status of the stapes footplate.
  • The varied and often unpredictable patterns of stapes anomalies necessitate ongoing research and diagnostic vigilance.
  • Understanding anomaly patterns is crucial for predicting surgical success in congenital hearing loss cases.