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Related Concept Videos

Glial Cells01:04

Glial Cells

Overview
Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells01:31

Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells

Glia, or neuroglia, are vital support cells that assist neurons in their functions. The term "glia" originates from the Greek word for "glue," reflecting their role in holding the nervous system together. These cells can be categorized into six types: four in the central nervous system (CNS) and two in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS glial cell includes the astrocytes, the oligodendrocytes, the microglia, and the ependymal cells.
Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells that interact...
Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
Gut-Brain Axis01:22

Gut-Brain Axis

The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such as...
Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation
09:19

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Published on: December 8, 2017

Spinal glia modulate both adaptive and pathological processes.

Elisabeth G Vichaya1, Kyle M Baumbauer, Luis M Carcoba

  • 1Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States.

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
|May 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Glial cells are crucial for acquiring spinal learning and developing learning deficits after shock or inflammation. Inhibiting these cells affects learning acquisition but not its maintenance.

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Glial cells regulate complex nervous system functions, including pain, memory, and synaptic plasticity.
  • Glial cell activation has both adaptive and pathological roles in the central nervous system (CNS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of glial cells in spinal learning and learning deficits.
  • To examine glial involvement in the spinal instrumental learning paradigm.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the spinal instrumental learning paradigm in rats with spinal transection at T2.
  • Pharmacologically inhibited spinal glial cells using fluorocitrate.

Main Results:

  • Glial cells are essential for the acquisition, but not the maintenance, of spinal learning.
  • Glial cells contribute to the development of learning deficits induced by shock and inflammation.

Conclusions:

  • Glial cells play a significant role in both adaptive learning and pathological processes within the spinal cord.
  • Findings support the dual role of glia in CNS function and dysfunction.