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Related Concept Videos

Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Ovaries01:26

Ovaries

The ovaries are roughly the size of almonds and measure approximately 2 to 3 centimeters in length. These paired structures are situated within the pelvic region and are anchored by the mesovarium—a peritoneal extension that also connects them to the wider structure of the broad ligament. The support system extends to the suspensory ligament, housing blood and lymphatic vessels. In addition, the ovarian ligament tethers the ovaries to the uterus.
On the ovarian surface, a layer of cuboidal...
Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...
Oogenesis01:22

Oogenesis

Oogenesis,  the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of pre-granulosa cells, forming what is known...
Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...

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The use of a starting dose of recombinant follicle stimulating hormone for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation: a randomized pilot study.

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Ovarian follicular fluid contains immunoreactive estriol: lack of correlation with estradiol concentrations.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
09:15

Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens

Published on: May 23, 2014

Org OD 14 and the endometrium.

A R Genazzani1, L J Benedek-Jaszmann, D M Hart

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Modena, Italy.

Maturitas
|September 1, 1991
PubMed
Summary

Tibolone (Org OD 14) therapy in post-menopausal women showed no significant endometrial changes. Endometrial patterns remained stable or atrophic, similar to untreated women, indicating a neutral effect.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Gynecology

Background:

  • Hormone therapy is common for post-menopausal symptoms.
  • Understanding the endometrial effects of tibolone is crucial for patient safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the long-term influence of tibolone (Org OD 14) on the endometrium of post-menopausal women.

Main Methods:

  • Endometrial biopsies were collected from 39 post-menopausal women treated with 2.5 mg/day tibolone.
  • Treatment durations ranged from 3 months to 5 years and 11 months.
  • Data from 168 patients treated with Org OD 14 were reviewed.

Main Results:

  • 90% of patients showed no change in endometrial pattern during tibolone treatment.
  • Slight endometrial proliferation, similar to early cycle changes, occurred in 15 cases.

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  • Many patients exhibited an atrophic endometrial pattern, with no tissue obtainable.

    • Conclusions:

    • Long-term tibolone therapy does not adversely affect the endometrium in post-menopausal women.
    • The endometrial response to tibolone is comparable to that of untreated post-menopausal women.
    • Tibolone appears to maintain a neutral or atrophic endometrial state.