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Related Concept Videos

Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.

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Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds
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Parental squabbles and genome expression: lessons from the polyploids.

Daniela Pignatta1, Luca Comai

  • 1Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, 451 E, Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

Journal of Biology
|May 15, 2009
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Summary

New research reveals how gene regulation changes after genomes merge in allopolyploid cotton. This study offers key insights into the evolutionary processes shaping complex plant genetics.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Plant Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Polyploidization, the merging of divergent genomes, can lead to significant changes in gene regulation.
  • Understanding these regulatory shifts is crucial for comprehending the evolution of new polyploid species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the regulatory events that have influenced the evolution of allopolyploid cotton.
  • To provide insights into the genomic remodeling following genome mergers.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gene expression patterns in allopolyploid cotton.
  • Comparative genomics to identify regulatory changes.

Main Results:

  • Identification of specific regulatory events that occurred during cotton allopolyploidization.
  • Evidence of extensive gene regulation remodeling post-genome merger.

Conclusions:

  • Regulatory remodeling plays a significant role in the evolution of allopolyploid cotton.
  • The findings contribute to our understanding of polyploid evolution and genetic system formation.