Behavior differentiation between wild Japanese quail, domestic quail, and their first filial generation

The number of wild quail has dramatically reduced in China and reached a state of endangerment with the deterioration of the environment in recent years. In this study, we examined the ecological behaviors of quails in the cage to determine the differentiation level between wild Japanese quail and domestic quail, to detect the relationship between quail behavior and evolutionary differentiation and to analyze the possibility of restoring effective size of wild population. With the on-the-spot observations and measurements, the behaviors of 3 categories of quail, namely wild Japanese quail from the Weishan Lake area in China, domestic quail, and their first filial generation (F(1)) were studied. Domestic quail differed from wild Japanese quail in morphological pattern and ecological behaviors, including some indexes of figure type and egg, vocalization, aggression and fighting, and mating, but wild Japanese quail and domestic quail could succeed in mating and reproducing fertile hybrid offspring. There were significant differences between domestic quail and wild Japanese quail in reproductive traits, involved mating times, fertility rate, hatching rate, and hatching rate of fertilized eggs (P < 0.05). The first filial generation presented significant difference from the wild Japanese quail in vocalization, aggression and fighting, mating, hatching rate, hatching rate of fertilized eggs, and some egg indexes (P < 0.05) and significantly differ from the domestic quail in vocalization, hatching rate, and hatching rate of fertilized eggs (P < 0.05). Evolutionary differentiation between wild quail and domestic quail was still at a relatively low level because no reproductive isolation existed. The advantages of the F(1) hybrids in reproductive capacity, fertilization, and hatching recommend that releasing hybrids instead of domestic quails to the wild would be a more effective way to restore the effective size of wild quail population if necessary.