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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Hydrostatic Pressure Force on a Curved Surface01:04

Hydrostatic Pressure Force on a Curved Surface

Hydrostatic pressure on curved surfaces is a fundamental concept in fluid mechanics with broad applications in the civil engineering field. When fluid is in contact with a curved surface, as in a reservoir, dam, or storage tank, it exerts pressure that varies in magnitude and direction along the curved surface. To assess the total hydrostatic force exerted by the fluid on a curved structure, engineers typically isolate the fluid volume adjacent to the surface and analyze the forces acting on...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Application of Pascal's Law01:03

Application of Pascal's Law

Pascal's experimentally proven observations—that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid and to the walls of its container—provide the foundations for hydraulics, one of the most important developments in modern mechanical technology.
Hydraulic systems are used to operate automotive brakes, hydraulic jacks, and numerous other mechanical systems. We can derive a relationship between the forces in a simple hydraulic system by applying...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats
04:12

Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats

Published on: March 28, 2025

The physics of hydrocephalus.

Richard D Penn1, Andreas Linninger

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. rpenn@surgery.bsd.uchicago.edu

Pediatric Neurosurgery
|May 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study uses fluid dynamics simulations to model cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and brain dynamics. The findings explain hydrocephalus mechanisms and suggest improved shunt control for better patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The intracranial cavity's dynamics are complex, involving cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and brain tissue movement.
  • Hydrocephalus, a condition of abnormal CSF accumulation, poses significant clinical challenges.
  • Current understanding of hydrocephalus pathophysiology can be advanced through computational modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review previous work on intracranial cavity dynamics.
  • To present new, clinically relevant results on hydrocephalus using fluid dynamics and poroelasticity simulations.
  • To explain hydrocephalus mechanisms and suggest improvements for CSF shunt systems.

Main Methods:

  • Simulations of CSF flow, pressures, and brain tissue movement in normal and hydrocephalic models.

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Modeling Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage Through Intraventricular Injection of Hemoglobin
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Modeling Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage Through Intraventricular Injection of Hemoglobin

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats
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Modeling Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage Through Intraventricular Injection of Hemoglobin
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Published on: August 25, 2022

  • Modeling communicating hydrocephalus by reducing CSF absorption.
  • Utilizing fluid dynamics and poroelasticity theories for predictive modeling.

    • Main Results:

    • Simulated dynamics align with structural MRI and cine-MRI findings in normal and hydrocephalic subjects.
    • The model explains unilateral hydrocephalus and hydrocephalus without CSF pulsations.
    • Predictions match observed pressure/volume relationships and transmural pressure gradients.

    Conclusions:

    • Computational modeling provides significant insights into hydrocephalus.
    • The study explains limitations of current pressure-sensitive shunts.
    • A feedback control system is proposed as a superior solution for hydrocephalus management.