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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Electrochemiluminescence Assays for Human Islet Autoantibodies
09:15

Electrochemiluminescence Assays for Human Islet Autoantibodies

Published on: March 23, 2018

Autoimmune forms of hypoglycemia.

Beatrice C Lupsa1, Angeline Y Chong, Elaine K Cochran

  • 1From Clinical Endocrinology Branch (BCL, AYC, EKC, PG), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States; and University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (MAS, RKS), Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Medicine
|May 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune hypoglycemia, including insulin autoimmune syndrome, is rare but important. Early diagnosis of these conditions, marked by high insulin levels and specific antibodies, can prevent unnecessary surgery.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Autoimmune syndromes are rare causes of hypoglycemia, characterized by elevated insulin levels.
  • Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS) is common in Japan but rarely reported in non-Asian populations.
  • Type B insulin resistance (TBIR) is another autoimmune cause of hypoglycemia.

Observation:

  • This study reports on two white patients with insulin autoimmune syndrome.
  • Includes a literature review of non-Asian patients with insulin autoimmune syndrome.
  • Describes patients with type B insulin resistance and hypoglycemia.

Findings:

  • Compares clinical and biochemical features of insulin autoimmune syndrome and type B insulin resistance.
  • Highlights the rarity of autoimmune hypoglycemia in non-Asian populations.
  • Discusses other forms of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.

Implications:

  • Autoimmune hypoglycemia should be considered in patients with unexplained hypoglycemia and elevated insulin.
  • Correct diagnosis can prevent unnecessary pancreatic surgical procedures.
  • Emphasizes the importance of antibody testing in diagnosing autoimmune hypoglycemia.