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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Transmesenteric Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty in Trendelenburg Position for Horseshoe Kidney with Hydronephrosis
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Published on: July 8, 2025

Pediatric urolithiasis.

Jessica A Mandeville1, Caleb P Nelson

  • 1Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02468, USA.

Current Opinion in Urology
|May 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric urolithiasis, or kidney stones in children, is increasing. New diagnostic tools and surgical techniques like robotic-assisted laparoscopy are improving care for these complex cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Nephrology
  • Urology
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • Pediatric urolithiasis incidence data are limited, yet reports suggest a rising trend in childhood kidney stones.
  • Environmental factors, such as contaminated infant formula, have been linked to pediatric urolithiasis.
  • Establishing normal metabolic parameters in children remains challenging due to demographic variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on pediatric urolithiasis.
  • To present updated findings on epidemiology, diagnosis, and management.
  • To highlight emerging trends and challenges in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on pediatric urolithiasis.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data and diagnostic advancements.
  • Evaluation of current medical and surgical treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • Anecdotal evidence and single-center reports indicate an increase in pediatric kidney stone cases.
  • The Bonn Risk Index shows promise for assessing urolithiasis risk in children.
  • Recurrent urolithiasis in children is often associated with metabolic abnormalities.
  • Robotic-assisted laparoscopy represents a significant advancement in surgical management.
  • Deflux implants can mimic ureteral stones on CT scans, requiring clinical awareness.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric urolithiasis is a growing concern in pediatric urology.
  • Ongoing research aims to refine diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for children with kidney stones.