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Genomics

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...

Next-generation Sequencing

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
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Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
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Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Targeted Next-generation Sequencing and Bioinformatics Pipeline to Evaluate Genetic Determinants of Constitutional Disease

Targeted Next-generation Sequencing and Bioinformatics Pipeline to Evaluate Genetic Determinants of Constitutional Disease

Published on: April 4, 2018

Computational challenges of personal genomics.

Hamid Bolouri¹

¹Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, CA 91125, USA.

Current Genomics

|May 15, 2009

Summary

Advancements in genomic sequencing promise personalized medicine. Developing semantic ontologies is crucial for integrating genomics, systems biology, and medical data, enabling a revolution in personal genomics web services.

Keywords:

Genomics gene expression variability.personal genomes personalized medicine predictive and preventive medicine

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Targeted Next-generation Sequencing and Bioinformatics Pipeline to Evaluate Genetic Determinants of Constitutional Disease

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Leveraging CyVerse Resources for De Novo Comparative Transcriptomics of Underserved (Non-model) Organisms

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Published on: May 9, 2017

Area of Science:

Genomics
Bioinformatics
Computational Biology
Personalized Medicine

Background:

Decreasing costs and increasing efficiency in DNA sequencing are driving the field towards personalized medicine.
The integration of genomic data with other biological and medical information presents significant computational challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the computational challenges in the era of personal genomics.
To propose research and development directions for semantic ontologies in genomics and medicine.

Main Methods:

Review of current trends in genomics and personalized medicine.
Identification of computational bottlenecks and future research needs.

Main Results:

The development of semantic ontologies is identified as a critical need.
These ontologies are essential for integrating diverse datasets (genomics, molecular systems biology, medical data).

Conclusions:

Semantic ontologies are vital for unlocking the potential of personal genomics.
Their development, though challenging, will enable a new generation of web services for personalized, predictive, preventive, and participatory medicine.