Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance01:23

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance

The elimination half-life and drug clearance of drugs following nonlinear kinetics can vary with dosage. The Michaelis-Menten parameters and drug concentration influence these factors. As the dose increases, the elimination half-life tends to lengthen, resulting in a reduction in clearance and a disproportionately larger area under the curve. The total clearance can be derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation for drugs following a one-compartment model.
A study on guinea pigs examined the...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450 isoenzymes,...
Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Physicochemical and Chemical Properties of Drugs01:21

Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Physicochemical and Chemical Properties of Drugs

A drug's physicochemical properties fundamentally influence its metabolism. For instance, a drug's molecular size and shape critically determine its interaction with enzymes and transporters — larger drugs may face difficulty reaching enzyme active sites, altering their metabolic pathways. The pKa of a drug, which establishes its ionization state, can impact its solubility and absorption, thereby influencing metabolism.
The drug's acidity or basicity is essential in determining the metabolic...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Vasoactive intestinal Peptide as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders·2026
Same author

Autologous and allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation in adult patients with Hodgkin lymphoma: recommendations from the EBMT Practice Harmonisation and Guidelines Committee and Lymphoma Working Party.

The Lancet. Haematology·2026
Same author

Endothelial cell damage in patients with acute graft versus host disease receiving treatment with extracorporeal photopheresis.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Diagnostic value of HHV-6A/B genotyping in immunocompromised adults.

Journal of clinical microbiology·2026
Same author

Vasoactive intestinal peptide advances chondrogenesis and modulates pathogenic mediators in human osteoarthritis.

Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)·2026
Same author

SCID newborn screening: seven-year performance and outcomes including T-cell lymphopenia in Catalonia (Spain).

Frontiers in immunology·2026

Related Experiment Videos

Polymorphic drug metabolism in anaesthesia.

Juan G Restrepo1, Elena Garcia-Martín, Carmen Martínez

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Medical School University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas s/n, E-06071, Badajoz, Spain.

Current Drug Metabolism
|May 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes significantly impact responses to general anesthetics. Understanding these polymorphisms is crucial for predicting patient responses and preventing adverse effects in anesthesia.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Anesthesiology
  • Drug Metabolism

Background:

  • Interindividual variability in drug response is often due to genetically determined differences in drug metabolism.
  • Many drug-metabolizing enzymes, including those for general anesthetics, are polymorphic in humans.
  • These genetic variations can alter drug disposition and increase the risk of adverse effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the enzymes involved in general anesthetic metabolism.
  • To analyze common polymorphisms in these enzymes and their impact on anesthetic biotransformation.
  • To identify potential pharmacogenomic targets for personalized anesthesia.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of enzymes metabolizing common general anesthetics (halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, enflurane, desflurane, ketamine, thiopental, etomidate, propofol).
  • Analysis of known human polymorphisms in key drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYPs, UGTs, SULT1A1, NQO1).
  • Evaluation of functional relevance and allele frequencies of polymorphisms to identify clinical targets.

Main Results:

  • Specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (e.g., CYP2E1, CYP3A4, CYP2B6) and uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are key in anesthetic metabolism.
  • All major anesthetic-metabolizing enzymes reviewed are polymorphic in humans.
  • Polymorphisms in these enzymes are linked to altered drug metabolism and potential adverse anesthetic responses.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic polymorphisms in anesthetic-metabolizing enzymes are significant factors in variable patient responses to anesthesia.
  • Pharmacogenomic approaches targeting specific enzyme polymorphisms hold promise for optimizing anesthetic drug selection and dosing.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate genetic and non-genetic factors influencing anesthetic response and to validate clinical pharmacogenomic applications.