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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Endemic hepatitis E in two Nordic countries.

H Norder1, L Sundqvist, L Magnusson

  • 1Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control (Smittskyddsinstitutet, SMI), Solna, Sweden. helene.norder@smi.se

Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin
|May 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are occurring in Scandinavia, with genotype 3 strains linked to domestic pigs. This suggests local transmission and the need to test patients with unknown hepatitis, even without foreign travel history.

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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Antibodies against hepatitis E virus (anti-HEV) were detected in 248 Swedish and Danish patients between 1993 and 2007.
  • Most symptomatic patients were tested due to international travel, with infections primarily acquired in Asia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and sources of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections in Scandinavia.
  • To determine the genotypes of HEV strains circulating in the region and their potential animal reservoirs.

Main Methods:

  • Serological testing for anti-HEV antibodies (IgM and IgG).
  • Detection and genotyping of HEV RNA in patient sera using ORF2 sequencing.
  • Phylogenetic analysis of HEV genotype 3 strains from patients and domestic pigs.

Main Results:

  • 29 patients were infected in Europe, with nine showing HEV IgM and/or HEV RNA.
  • HEV RNA was detected in 65 of 141 tested sera, with genotype 3 identified in European infections.
  • Phylogenetic analysis revealed high similarity between HEV genotype 3 strains from patients and pigs in Scandinavia, indicating local transmission.

Conclusions:

  • Autochthonous (locally acquired) hepatitis E cases exist in Scandinavia, likely including undiagnosed infections.
  • Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 strains circulating in Scandinavia are linked to domestic pigs.
  • Patients with unexplained hepatitis should be tested for anti-HEV, considering potential zoonotic transmission from animals, even without a travel history outside Europe.