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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...

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Biochemical Assays for Analyzing Activities of ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes
10:14

Biochemical Assays for Analyzing Activities of ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes

Published on: October 25, 2014

ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling in neural development.

Andrew S Yoo1, Gerald R Crabtree

  • 1Departments of Developmental Biology and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. asyoo@stanford.edu

Current Opinion in Neurobiology
|May 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Chromatin remodeling complexes, driven by Brg1 and Brm ATPases, are crucial for neural development. Their subunit assembly dictates specific functions at various developmental stages, influencing cell fate and gene expression.

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Chromatin structure modification is key to cell fate and function.
  • DNA methylation and histone modifications alter gene expression.
  • SWI/SNF-related ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes regulate DNA accessibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes in neural development.
  • To understand how Brg1 and Brm ATPases contribute to neural development.
  • To explore the functional significance of subunit assembly in these complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of chromatin remodeling complex activity.
  • Investigating the roles of Brg1 and Brm ATPases.
  • Studying subunit composition and assembly.

Main Results:

  • ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes are essential for neural development in vertebrates and invertebrates.
  • These complexes, involving Brg1 and Brm, play critical roles throughout neural development.
  • Combinatorial assembly of subunits confers distinct functions at different developmental stages.

Conclusions:

  • ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes are vital regulators of neural development.
  • The specific subunit composition of these complexes is critical for their diverse functions.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides insight into cell fate determination during neurogenesis.