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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis01:16

Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis

Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell death caused by severe injury such as ischemia, toxins, or trauma. Unlike programmed cell death, it is an uncontrolled, pathological process that typically provokes inflammation in surrounding tissues.Pathophysiologic ChangesNecrosis begins when cells sustain critical damage, leading to swelling of organelles, particularly mitochondria, and rapid ATP depletion. As energy levels decline, membrane ion pumps fail, leading to calcium influx and eventually,...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

Disorders of Erythrocytes

Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Induction of Eryptosis in Red Blood Cells Using a Calcium Ionophore
09:15

Induction of Eryptosis in Red Blood Cells Using a Calcium Ionophore

Published on: January 21, 2020

Silver ion-induced suicidal erythrocyte death.

Mentor Sopjani1, Michael Föller, Judith Haendeler

  • 1Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.

Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT
|May 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Silver nitrate (AgNO3) induces eryptosis, a suicidal death of red blood cells, by depleting ATP and decreasing nitric oxide (NO). This finding is crucial for understanding silver

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Silver compounds exhibit antibiotic properties, leading to their use in water purification, wound care, and medical implants.
  • Silver ions (Ag+) interfere with protein functions and can induce apoptosis in nucleated mammalian cells via mitochondrial pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of silver nitrate (AgNO3) on eryptosis, the programmed cell death of erythrocytes.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying silver-induced eryptosis in cells lacking mitochondria.

Main Methods:

  • Eryptosis was assessed by measuring phosphatidylserine exposure using annexin V-binding.
  • Cell volume was determined by forward scatter analysis.
  • Cytosolic ATP levels were quantified using a luciferin-luciferase assay.
  • Hemolysis was measured spectrophotometrically.

Main Results:

  • Exposure to AgNO3 (≥100 nm) for 48 hours significantly increased annexin V-binding, indicating phosphatidylserine externalization.
  • AgNO3 treatment led to a slight but significant decrease in cell volume (forward scatter) and a significant reduction in cytosolic ATP levels.
  • Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) or NO donation significantly reduced silver-induced eryptosis.

Conclusions:

  • AgNO3 triggers eryptosis, characterized by cell membrane scrambling, in erythrocytes.
  • The observed effects are attributed to ATP depletion, activation of PKC, and a decrease in cellular nitric oxide (NO).
  • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for assessing the safety and applications of silver compounds in medicine and industry.