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Related Concept Videos

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview01:12

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse.
2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques01:16

2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) is a powerful technique used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the correlations between nuclei of the same type within a molecule. It provides information about scalar couplings between adjacent nuclei, which helps determine connectivity and structural information. There are several COSY variants, each with its unique strengths and experimental parameters.
COSY90 is the standard two-dimensional (2D) COSY experiment that...
2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other axis.
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for the Identification of Multiple Phosphorylations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
12:47

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for the Identification of Multiple Phosphorylations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Published on: December 27, 2016

Sequentially acquired two-dimensional NMR spectra from hyperpolarized sample.

Haifeng Zeng1, Sean Bowen, Christian Hilty

  • 1Texas A&M University, Chemistry Department, TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|May 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new method allows for heteronuclear 2D NMR spectra acquisition from hyperpolarized samples. This technique enables sensitive structural analysis of small-molecule compounds by preserving polarization across multiple scans.

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Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
  • Hyperpolarization Techniques
  • Structural Biology and Chemistry

Background:

  • Hyperpolarization significantly amplifies NMR signals, enabling studies of dilute or mass-limited samples.
  • Conventional 2D NMR requires polarization recovery between scans, precluding direct use with single-shot hyperpolarized samples.
  • Existing methods are insufficient for sequential acquisition of 2D NMR spectra from hyperpolarized substances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and present a novel scheme for acquiring heteronuclear 2D NMR spectra from hyperpolarized samples.
  • To enable the application of 2D NMR spectroscopy to samples that cannot be studied with conventional techniques due to polarization limitations.
  • To facilitate structural elucidation of compounds in mass-limited samples using advanced NMR methods.

Main Methods:

  • Development of modified pulse schemes for sequential 2D NMR data acquisition.
  • Utilization of a fraction of the hyperpolarized signal in each scan while conserving the remaining polarization for subsequent scans.
  • Acquisition of heteronuclear multi-quantum spectra from single hyperpolarized samples.

Main Results:

  • Successful demonstration of a robust method for acquiring heteronuclear 2D NMR spectra from hyperpolarized samples.
  • The technique effectively resolves overlapping chemical shifts by leveraging Fourier NMR principles.
  • Exploration of various strategies for distributing polarization across multiple scans.

Conclusions:

  • The presented scheme overcomes limitations of conventional 2D NMR for hyperpolarized samples.
  • This method maximizes the utility of hyperpolarization for sensitive NMR spectroscopy.
  • The technique is particularly valuable for structural determination of challenging, mass-limited compounds.