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Related Concept Videos

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Dialysis01:15

Dialysis

Dialysis is a diffusion-based purification process that separates analyte molecules from a complex matrix. This is accomplished by allowing molecules in the solution to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a liquid on the other side. The membrane is usually made of cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate, and the second liquid must be miscible with the solution. Ions (e.g., chloride or sodium) or organic molecules (e.g., glucose) can pass through the membrane pores, which generally have...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
EDTA: Chemistry and Properties01:22

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...

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Commentary on "Solvent-mediated construction of phosphate/carboxyl bifunctional hyper-cross-linked polymers for highly efficient uranium removal from aqueous solutions (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141094)".

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Corrigendum to "Chitin-psyllium based aerogel for the efficient removal of crystal violet from aqueous solutions" [Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 179 (2021) 366-376].

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Sustainable valorization of biogenic coral limestone waste into calcium aluminate biosorbents for efficient Cr(vi) remediation: characterization, experimental performance, and statistical physics analysis.

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Correction: dos Reis et al. Synthesis of Highly Porous Lignin-Sulfonate Sulfur-Doped Carbon for Efficient Adsorption of Sodium Diclofenac and Synthetic Effluents. <i>Nanomaterials</i> 2024, <i>14</i>, 1374.

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Removal of Arsenic Using a Cationic Polymer Gel Impregnated with Iron Hydroxide
08:01

Removal of Arsenic Using a Cationic Polymer Gel Impregnated with Iron Hydroxide

Published on: June 28, 2019

Organofunctionalized kenyaite for dye removal from aqueous solution.

Betina Royer1, Natali F Cardoso, Eder C Lima

  • 1Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, P.O. Box 15003, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|May 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Proton kenyaite, a modified layered material, effectively removes textile dye from water. This organofunctionalized nanomaterial (2N-Ken) shows high adsorption capacity, with data fitting chemisorption and Sips isotherm models.

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Synthesis of Plant Phenol-derived Polymeric Dyes for Direct or Mordant-based Hair Dyeing
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Published on: December 1, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Layered silicates like kenyaite offer tunable properties for adsorption applications.
  • Modification of kenyaite can create novel nanomaterials with enhanced functionalities.
  • Textile dyes pose environmental challenges, necessitating efficient removal methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize an organofunctionalized kenyaite nanomaterial.
  • To evaluate the material's efficacy in removing textile dye from aqueous solutions.
  • To investigate the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium of the dye removal process.

Main Methods:

  • Ion exchange of sodium kenyaite to proton kenyaite using hydrochloric acid.
  • Expansion of basal distance using dimethyl sulfoxide and subsequent silylation with N-3-trimethoxysilylpropylethylenediamine.
  • Characterization using techniques like XRD, NMR, elemental analysis, and electron microscopy.
  • Batch adsorption experiments to study dye removal efficiency and kinetics.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized organofunctionalized kenyaite (2N-Ken) with incorporated silylating agent (0.48 mmol g⁻¹).
  • Confirmed covalent silicon-carbon bond formation via NMR spectroscopy.
  • Demonstrated efficient removal of Sumifix Brilliant Orange 3R textile dye from water.
  • Adsorption equilibrium reached within 4 hours at pH 4.0 and 298 K.
  • Adsorption kinetics best fitted fractional-order and chemisorption models; equilibrium data fitted the Sips isotherm model.

Conclusions:

  • Organofunctionalized kenyaite (2N-Ken) is a promising adsorbent for textile dye removal.
  • The material's properties allow for effective capture of dye pollutants from wastewater.
  • Understanding the adsorption mechanism aids in designing efficient water treatment processes.