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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function
04:05

A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function

Published on: October 6, 2023

When to consider thyroid dysfunction in the neurology clinic.

Niraj Mistry1, John Wass, Martin R Turner

  • 1Nottingham University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.

Practical Neurology
|May 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid dysfunction can cause various neurological symptoms, including psychiatric disorders, movement issues, and weakness. This review examines the evidence linking these neurological problems to thyroid disease and interpreting thyroid tests.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid function tests are routine in neurology, but not all neurological symptoms prompt thyroid testing.
  • Conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome may lead to thyroid testing without strong evidence.
  • Other significant neurological manifestations of thyroid disease might be overlooked or misinterpreted.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence for associations between neurological problems and thyroid dysfunction.
  • To highlight potential pitfalls in interpreting thyroid function tests in neurological practice.

Main Methods:

  • Symptom-based review of neurological manifestations of thyroid disease.
  • Examination of evidence supporting or refuting neurological-thyroid dysfunction links.
  • Analysis of challenges in biochemical test interpretation.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid dysfunction can manifest as psychiatric disorders, loss of consciousness, movement disorders, and weakness.
  • The evidence for testing thyroid function in certain conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome is not always clear.
  • Abnormal thyroid tests may be incorrectly assumed to be incidental findings.

Conclusions:

  • Neurological symptoms can be significant indicators of underlying thyroid disease.
  • A systematic, symptom-based approach is crucial for diagnosing thyroid-related neurological conditions.
  • Careful interpretation of thyroid function tests is essential to avoid misdiagnosis.