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Seizures l: Introduction

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...

Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

Prosopagnosia

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Positive Symptoms Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions

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Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by a range of symptoms that significantly impact cognition, behavior, and emotional regulation. Among these, the positive symptoms stand out as they involve the addition or exaggeration of normal mental functions, deviating markedly from typical behavior and perception. Hallucinations and delusions are prominent positive symptoms, each profoundly affecting the individual's experience of reality.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Published on: September 20, 2024

Illusory shadow person causing paradoxical gaze deviations during temporal lobe seizures.

M Zijlmans¹, P van Eijsden, C H Ferrier

¹Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands. g.j.m.zijlmans@umcutrecht.nl

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry

|May 19, 2009

Summary

Frontal eye field activation during seizures causes gaze deviation. Paradoxical head deviation in temporal lobe seizures may stem from illusory experiences and postictal amnesia, offering a novel explanation.

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Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

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Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients

Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients

Published on: December 18, 2016

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Epileptology
Clinical Neurology

Background:

Ictal gaze and head deviation during seizures are typically lateralized to the seizure onset zone.
Non-versive head deviation is often attributed to ictal neglect following temporo-parietal area inactivation.

Observation:

A patient presented with paradoxical non-versive gaze deviation during temporal lobe seizures.
Electrocortical stimulation induced an urge to look towards an illusory shadow figure.

Findings:

This case challenges the typical understanding of ictal head deviation lateralization.
Illusory experiences, potentially masked by postictal amnesia, may explain paradoxical gaze deviations.

Implications:

Findings suggest a need to consider complex sensory and cognitive phenomena in seizure semiology.
This research may refine our understanding of the neural basis of gaze control and neglect during epilepsy.