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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
26:48

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Published on: July 4, 2007

Double step paraneoplastic brainstem encephalitis: a clinicopathological study.

M-C Vigliani1, D Novero, P Cerrato

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy. mvigliani@molinette.piemonte.it

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
|May 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This case report details brainstem encephalitis in a patient with anti-Hu and anti-Ri antibodies, presenting with unusual neurological progression and T-cell mediated cytotoxicity.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neuropathology

Background:

  • Brainstem encephalitis is a rare neurological condition.
  • Autoimmune encephalitis can be associated with specific antibody profiles.

Observation:

  • A patient presented with acute brainstem encephalitis mimicking a stroke.
  • The condition exhibited a relapsing-remitting course with progressive central nervous system (CNS) involvement.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed ascending brainstem and thalamic involvement.

Findings:

  • The patient tested positive for both anti-Hu and anti-Ri antibodies.
  • Autopsy showed lymphocytic infiltration, with T cells in the brainstem parenchyma and B cells in perivascular spaces.
  • Findings suggest T cells as primary effectors of cytotoxicity, potentially cooperating with B cells.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the complex autoimmune mechanisms in encephalitis.
  • Understanding the role of T and B cells is crucial for diagnosing and treating such conditions.
  • The study contributes to the understanding of antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis.