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Related Concept Videos

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles, which...
Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
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Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.

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Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice
08:20

Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice

Published on: July 12, 2018

Genetic differences among C57BL/6 substrains.

Kazuyuki Mekada1, Kuniya Abe, Ayumi Murakami

  • 1RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.

Experimental Animals
|May 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Genetic variations exist among C57BL/6 mouse substrains, impacting research. This study screened for Nnt gene deletion and SNPs, revealing significant differences between C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N substrains.

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Published on: November 1, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Laboratory Animal Science

Background:

  • The C57BL/6 mouse is a widely used inbred strain for biomedical research.
  • Substrains of C57BL/6 mice, derived from a common founder, exhibit phenotypic variations.
  • Genetic and phenotypic differences among C57BL/6 substrains are often underestimated by researchers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate genetic differences among seven C57BL/6 substrains.
  • To screen for the functional deletion of the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) gene.
  • To genotype 1,446 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci across substrains.

Main Methods:

  • Screening for Nnt gene deletion (exon 7-11).
  • Genotyping of 1,446 SNP loci.
  • Comparison of genetic profiles across C57BL/6J, C57BL/6JJcl, C57BL/6JJmsSlc, C57BL/6NJcl, C57BL/6NCrlCrlj, C57BL/6NTac, and C57BL/6CrSlc substrains.

Main Results:

  • The Nnt gene deletion (exon 7-11) was found in C57BL/6J substrains, suggesting an early occurrence.
  • Significant genetic differences were identified between C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N substrains at 11 SNP loci.
  • No genetic differences were detected among C57BL/6N substrains, including C57BL/6CrSlc.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic disparities exist among C57BL/6 substrains from different sources.
  • The Nnt gene deletion is a marker for C57BL/6J substrains.
  • Accurate genetic monitoring of genetically engineered mice on a C57BL/6 background is crucial for research reproducibility.