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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview01:11

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...

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High-definition Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopic Imaging of Human Tissue Sections towards Improving Pathology
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What can we learn from three-dimensional infrared spectroscopy?

Sean Garrett-Roe1, Peter Hamm

  • 1Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.

Accounts of Chemical Research
|May 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Three-dimensional infrared (3D-IR) spectroscopy offers new insights into the complex hydrogen-bond dynamics of liquids like water. This novel technique probes intermolecular motions, overcoming limitations of traditional methods for understanding ultrafast processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Chemical Dynamics

Background:

  • Low-frequency vibrational spectra of liquids are dominated by intermolecular motions, crucial for understanding solvent dynamics.
  • Hydrogen-bonded liquids, especially water, exhibit complex, ultrafast hydrogen-bond network rearrangements influencing their unique properties.
  • Conventional linear spectroscopies (far-IR, Raman, 2D-IR) provide limited information on the dynamics of hydrogen-bond making and breaking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce three-dimensional infrared (3D-IR) spectroscopy as a novel nonlinear technique to probe low-frequency intermolecular degrees of freedom.
  • Highlight 3D-IR's potential to provide detailed insights into intermolecular dynamics, surpassing the capabilities of linear methods.
  • Explore the application of 3D-IR spectroscopy in characterizing complex dynamic processes in liquids.

Main Methods:

  • Propose and theoretically introduce three-dimensional infrared (3D-IR) spectroscopy, a nonlinear optical technique.
  • Discuss experimental realizations of 3D-IR spectroscopy, drawing parallels with 2D-Raman spectroscopy.
  • Outline the theoretical framework enabling the analysis of low-frequency intermolecular vibrations.

Main Results:

  • 3D-IR spectroscopy can differentiate between homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening in the low-frequency vibrational spectrum of liquids.
  • This technique may reveal limitations of the normal mode picture when thermal energy approaches the intramolecular potential energy surface ruggedness.
  • 3D-IR spectroscopy provides a means to study non-Gaussian stochastic processes and non-Markovian ultrafast exchange dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • 3D-IR spectroscopy is a powerful new tool for detailed investigation of intermolecular dynamics in liquids.
  • It offers unprecedented opportunities to study the ultrafast hydrogen-bond dynamics in water and other hydrogen-bonded systems.
  • This technique will enable experimental exploration of the validity of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics assumptions in the ultrafast regime.