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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal tetrahedral value,...
Conformations of Cycloalkanes02:29

Conformations of Cycloalkanes

Adolf von Baeyer attempted to explain the instabilities of small and large cycloalkane rings using the concept of angle strain — the strain caused by the deviation of bond angles from the ideal 109.5° tetrahedral value for sp3  hybridized carbons. However, while cyclopropane and cyclobutane are strained, as expected from their highly compressed bond angles, cyclopentane is more strained than predicted, and cyclohexane is virtually strain-free. Hence, Baeyer’s theory that was based on the...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...

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Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures
08:40

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

Published on: May 15, 2018

Doping induced anisotropic growth in C60.

Miao Miao Wu1, Qiang Sun, Qian Wang

  • 1Department of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology and Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|May 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Doping fullerene C(60) with silicon creates bifunctional nanoparticles. This doping induces anisotropic growth, enabling precise synthesis of novel materials for biomedical, solar, and display applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Fullerenes like C(60) are carbon nanomaterials with unique electronic properties.
  • Controlling the growth and functionality of fullerene derivatives is crucial for advanced applications.
  • Doping fullerenes offers a pathway to tailor their properties for specific uses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of silicon (Si) doping on the C(60) fullerene structure.
  • To explore the potential for anisotropic growth and the creation of bifunctional nanoparticles.
  • To demonstrate a novel synthesis route for tailored nanostructures.

Main Methods:

  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
  • Generalized gradient approximation (GGA) for exchange-correlation energy.
  • Simulations of C(59)Si interacting with N(7)Sc and B(8)Si.

Main Results:

  • Silicon substitution in C(60) creates a heterofullerene C(59)Si with distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
  • The Si atom acts as a nucleation site, promoting anisotropic growth of the heterofullerene.
  • Resulting complex structures show significantly enhanced electric dipole moments and anisotropy.

Conclusions:

  • Doping fullerenes induces anisotropic growth, offering precise control over nanostructure synthesis.
  • This method yields bifunctional nanoparticles with tunable selectivity and diversity.
  • These engineered nanoparticles hold promise for applications in the biomedical, solar, and display industries.