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Related Concept Videos

Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission01:14

Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission

Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels. Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
 Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing nebulizer...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Overview01:27

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a technique used to analyze elements by measuring electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbed by atoms, which causes them to transition to a higher-energy orbit. The most crucial step in AAS is atomization, where the analyte is converted into gas-phase atoms, typically through a flame or furnace. Some of these atoms become thermally excited in the flame, while most remain in the ground state.
When irradiated by EMR of a particular wavelength, these...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference

Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
Spectral interference occurs when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, falsely elevating or masking the analyte's absorbance. This interference can be corrected using Zeeman,...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

A Technical Guide for Performing Spectroscopic Measurements on Metal-Organic Frameworks
10:13

A Technical Guide for Performing Spectroscopic Measurements on Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: April 28, 2023

Modelocked cavity--enhanced absorption spectroscopy.

Titus Gherman, Daniele Romanini

    Optics Express
    |May 20, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    We show how femtosecond lasers can enhance cavity absorption measurements. This technique offers high sensitivity for detecting weak absorption signals, making it valuable for various scientific applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Spectroscopy
    • Laser Physics
    • Physical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS) is a sensitive technique for measuring low light absorption.
    • Femtosecond lasers offer broad spectral coverage and high peak power, suitable for advanced spectroscopic methods.
    • High-finesse optical cavities enhance light-matter interactions, improving detection limits.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate the principle of cavity-enhanced absorption using femtosecond mode-locked lasers.
    • To evaluate the potential of this technique for high-sensitivity linear absorption measurements.
    • To assess the impact of laser spectral properties on intracavity absorption spectroscopy.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a femtosecond mode-locked Ti:Sa laser source.

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    Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared
    07:38

    Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared

    Published on: January 10, 2025

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    Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

    A Technical Guide for Performing Spectroscopic Measurements on Metal-Organic Frameworks
    10:13

    A Technical Guide for Performing Spectroscopic Measurements on Metal-Organic Frameworks

    Published on: April 28, 2023

    Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared
    07:38

    Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared

    Published on: January 10, 2025

  • Employed a high-finesse optical cavity (Finesse F ≈ 420).
  • Recorded intracavity sample absorption spectra using a spectrograph and linear detector array.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved effective injection of the laser frequency comb into the high-finesse cavity due to its uniformity.
    • Obtained a 4 nm spectral section of a weak overtone band in 40 ms with 0.2 cm⁻¹ resolution.
    • Reached a detection limit of 2x10⁻⁷ cm⁻¹/√Hz.

    Conclusions:

    • Femtosecond mode-locked lasers are well-suited for cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy.
    • The technique demonstrates high sensitivity and good spectral resolution for weak absorption features.
    • This method shows promise for sensitive linear absorption measurements across a wide spectral range.