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Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
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Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
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Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
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Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Assessment of Intestinal Transcytosis of Neonatal Escherichia coli Bacteremia Isolates
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Published on: February 17, 2023

Gastroenteritis in children.

Jacqueline R Dalby-Payne1, Elizabeth J Elliott

  • 1The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|May 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review examines treatments for acute gastroenteritis, emphasizing fluid replacement to prevent dehydration. It evaluates clear fluids, rehydration solutions, lactose-free feeds, and loperamide for effectiveness and safety.

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Published on: September 10, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Clinical Medicine
  • Evidence-Based Practice

Background:

  • Diarrhea is characterized by frequent, unformed, liquid stools.
  • Acute gastroenteritis management primarily involves fluid provision to prevent and treat dehydration.
  • Effective management strategies are crucial for patient recovery and preventing complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of various treatments for acute gastroenteritis.
  • To answer the clinical question regarding the efficacy and safety of interventions for acute diarrhea.
  • To synthesize evidence from multiple databases and clinical trials.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 16 studies including systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
  • Searched major medical databases (Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library) up to August 2006.
  • Included harms alerts from regulatory agencies like the FDA and MHRA.
  • Applied GRADE evaluation to assess the quality of evidence for interventions.

Main Results:

  • Identified studies evaluating clear fluids, enteral rehydration solutions (oral/gastric), lactose-free feeds, and loperamide.
  • Assessed the effectiveness and safety profiles of these interventions.
  • The quality of evidence for each intervention was evaluated using the GRADE system.

Conclusions:

  • Presents findings on the effectiveness and safety of key interventions for acute gastroenteritis.
  • Highlights the importance of appropriate fluid management and specific therapeutic agents.
  • Provides evidence-based information for clinical decision-making in managing acute diarrhea.