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Related Concept Videos

Bipolar Disorder01:30

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.
Biological Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
The genetic basis of schizophrenia is strongly supported by family and twin studies.
Borderline Personality Disorder01:25

Borderline Personality Disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder is a complex and multifaceted mental health condition characterized by pervasive instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, emotions, and impulse control. This instability manifests in extreme emotional reactions, fear of abandonment, and self-destructive behaviors. The disorder significantly impacts daily functioning, often leading to distress in both personal and professional domains.
Genetic and Environmental Contributions
Borderline Personality...
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
Researchers have identified genetic factors that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia, underscoring the intricate interplay between genetics and environment in disease development. At the core of schizophrenia's pathophysiology is excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission within the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
04:42

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Published on: May 2, 2025

Neurobiological trait abnormalities in bipolar disorder.

C Langan1, C McDonald

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Science Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. camilla.langan@nuigalway.ie

Molecular Psychiatry
|May 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Bipolar disorder (BD) trait abnormalities involve immune, hormonal, and brain imaging differences. Identifying these enduring neurobiological markers is key to understanding BD

Area of Science:

  • Neurobiology
  • Psychiatry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Bipolar disorder (BD) presents complex neurobiological underpinnings.
  • Distinguishing trait abnormalities from episode-specific changes is crucial for understanding BD aetiopathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review trait neurobiological abnormalities in bipolar disorder.
  • To focus on markers present in euthymic patients or at-risk relatives.

Main Methods:

  • Selective literature review.
  • Analysis of immunological, neuroendocrinological, molecular, and neuroimaging data.
  • Focus on studies of euthymic patients and unaffected relatives.

Main Results:

  • Trait abnormalities include heightened pro-inflammatory function and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction.

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Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia
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Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Published on: December 2, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
04:42

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Published on: May 2, 2025

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia
13:08

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Published on: December 2, 2015

  • Intracellular signaling pathway dysfunction is evidenced by altered protein kinase A activity and calcium signaling.
  • Neuroimaging reveals ventricular enlargement, white matter abnormalities, and reduced prefrontal N-acetylaspartate.
  • Functional neuroimaging implicates impaired neural networks in emotional regulation.

    • Conclusions:

    • Accumulating evidence supports the existence of neurobiological trait abnormalities in BD across multiple investigation scales.
    • Future research requires larger, homogenous, longitudinal samples to differentiate trait from state abnormalities.