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Related Concept Videos

Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the brain can only use...
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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when researchers try to extrapolate results...
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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

The Adjuvant Efficacy of Angong Niuhuang Pill in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
08:36

The Adjuvant Efficacy of Angong Niuhuang Pill in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Published on: April 19, 2024

[Why are guidelines more irrational than metaanalyses].

Tilman Steinert1

  • 1Zentrum für Psychiatrie Weissenau, Abt. Psychiatrie I der Universität Ulm. tilman.steinert@zfp-weissenau.de

Psychiatrische Praxis
|May 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Developing evidence-based treatment guidelines requires a transparent method. Current approaches may introduce bias by prioritizing study quality over effect sizes and neglecting external validity and consensus. This impacts recommendations for aggressive behavior.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

The Adjuvant Efficacy of Angong Niuhuang Pill in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
08:36

The Adjuvant Efficacy of Angong Niuhuang Pill in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Published on: April 19, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • The author contributed to the German Psychiatric Association's treatment guideline on Aggressive Behaviour.
  • This experience highlighted critical issues in current evidence-based recommendation development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate methods for developing evidence-based treatment recommendations.
  • To identify potential biases in current guideline development processes.

Main Methods:

  • Examination of treatment recommendations based on established levels of evidence.
  • Analysis of potential biases in the application of evidence levels.

Main Results:

  • Identified biases include: evidence levels linked to study quality, not effect size; insufficient consideration of external validity; conflation of absence of evidence with evidence of absence.
  • Ethical considerations and consensus among professionals, users, and relatives are inadequately represented in current evidence frameworks.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need for improved, transparent methodologies to translate evidence analysis into effective treatment recommendations.
  • Current methods may not fully capture the complexity of clinical practice and patient-centered care.