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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Related Experiment Videos

Thyroid status can influence brain mast cell population.

Gabriella Chieffi Baccari1, Rossella Monteforte, Claudia Pinelli

  • 1Department of Life Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|May 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid status influences frog brain mast cells. Antithyroid drugs increase mast cells, while hypophysectomy decreases them, suggesting pituitary-thyroid axis regulation of brain mast cell populations.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Mast cells are immune cells found in various tissues, including the brain.
  • The role of thyroid hormones and the pituitary gland in regulating brain mast cells is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of thyroid status on the distribution and number of mast cells in the adult frog brain (Rana esculenta).
  • To explore the potential involvement of the pituitary-thyroid axis in regulating brain mast cell populations.

Main Methods:

  • Neuroanatomical mapping techniques were used to study mast cell distribution.
  • Adult Rana esculenta were treated with thyroxine (T4), an antithyroid agent (6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil), or subjected to hypophysectomy.
  • Pituitary homogenate was administered to assess its effect on mast cell numbers.

Main Results:

  • Thyroxine (T4) treatment did not alter the number or activation state of brain mast cells.
  • Administration of 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil led to a significant increase (up to 40%) in mast cell numbers in the telencephalon and diencephalon.
  • Hypophysectomy resulted in a significant decrease (up to 65%) in mast cells across all brain regions.
  • Pituitary homogenate administration increased mast cell numbers.

Conclusions:

  • The pituitary-thyroid axis appears to play a regulatory role in the brain mast cell population in Rana esculenta.
  • Modulation of thyroid status significantly impacts mast cell numbers in specific brain regions.