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Related Concept Videos

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
Disorder of Water Balance01:29

Disorder of Water Balance

Water balance disorders are medical conditions that occur when there is a deviation from the body's water volume or osmolarity, disrupting normal homeostasis and leading todehydration, hypotonic hydration, hyperhydration, edema, or water intoxication.
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body loses fluids (particularly water).
Causes:
The major causes of dehydration include excessive sweating, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and diuresis.
Signs and Symptoms:
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Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...

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Preparation of Keratin Hydrolysate from Chicken Feathers and Its Application in Cosmetics
08:29

Preparation of Keratin Hydrolysate from Chicken Feathers and Its Application in Cosmetics

Published on: November 27, 2017

Physical changes in hydrated skin.

E Merwe1, C Ackermann

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, Potchefstroom, South Africa, 2520.

International Journal of Cosmetic Science
|May 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Temperature and hydration time significantly impact skin permeability to urea and water, influencing percutaneous absorption. These factors alter skin structure, affecting the transport of substances across the skin barrier.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Percutaneous absorption of urea and water increases over time.
  • Understanding factors influencing skin permeability is crucial for drug delivery and topical treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of temperature, hydration time, urea concentration, and stirring on skin structure and permeability.
  • To determine how these variables influence the percutaneous absorption of urea and water.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro study using hairless mouse skin in a closed diffusion cell system.
  • Latin square method to analyze four variables: temperature, hydration time, urea concentration, and stirring.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to evaluate skin structural changes.

Main Results:

  • Temperature and hydration time significantly affected skin permeability to urea and water.
  • Urea concentration and stirring did not show a significant impact on skin permeability.
  • Microscopic analysis confirmed structural changes in the skin correlating with permeability variations.

Conclusions:

  • Temperature and hydration time are key determinants of skin permeability and percutaneous absorption.
  • Skin structural integrity, visualized by SEM and TEM, is modulated by these factors, impacting transport.
  • Optimizing temperature and hydration time may enhance or control the efficacy of topical formulations.