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Arteries of the Upper Limbs

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

Arteries of Lower Limbs

Arteries of Lower Limbs

The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular artery,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Procurement and Perfusion-Decellularization of Porcine Vascularized Flaps in a Customized Perfusion Bioreactor

Procurement and Perfusion-Decellularization of Porcine Vascularized Flaps in a Customized Perfusion Bioreactor

Published on: August 1, 2022

Median artery forearm flap.

John S D Davidson¹, David R Pichora

¹Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. davidsoj@hdh.kari.net

Annals of Plastic Surgery

|May 23, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Free forearm flaps for reconstruction can be complicated by vascular anomalies. This study details using a flap based on a persistent median artery for oropharyngeal reconstruction, reviewing such anomalies.

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Procurement and Perfusion-Decellularization of Porcine Vascularized Flaps in a Customized Perfusion Bioreactor

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Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach

Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach

Published on: May 23, 2025

Area of Science:

Plastic Surgery
Vascular Surgery
Anatomy

Background:

Vascular anomalies in the forearm can complicate fasciocutaneous flap elevation.
Accurate anatomical knowledge is crucial for successful flap design and harvesting.

Observation:

A free forearm flap was successfully elevated based on an anomalous persistent median artery.
This flap was utilized for oropharyngeal reconstruction.

Findings:

The persistent median artery, an uncommon vascular variation, can serve as a reliable vessel for free forearm flaps.
Review of incidence, embryology, and significance of forearm vascular anomalies is presented.

Implications:

This case highlights the importance of recognizing and managing vascular anomalies in forearm flap surgery.
Understanding these variations can improve reconstructive surgical outcomes.