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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
Published on: June 15, 2016
The versatile role of MSKs in transcriptional regulation
Linda Vermeulen1, Wim Vanden Berghe, Ilse M E Beck
1Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression & Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Physiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium. linda.vermeulen@UGent.be
Abstract:
Among the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) targets, MSKs (mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases) comprise a particularly interesting protein family. Because MSKs can be activated by both extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and p38 MAPKs, they are activated by many physiological and pathological stimuli. About ten years after their original discovery, they have been recognized as versatile kinases regulating gene transcription at multiple levels. MSKs directly target transcription factors, such as cAMP-response-element-binding protein and nuclear factor-kappaB, thereby enhancing their transcriptional activity. They also induce histone phosphorylation, which is accompanied by chromatin relaxation and facilitated binding of additional regulatory proteins. Here, we review the current knowledge on MSK activation and its molecular targets, focusing on recent insights into the role of MSKs at multiple levels of transcriptional regulation.
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