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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:31

Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
CO2 has a potent influence on respiration and is strictly regulated. Under...
Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...
Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications01:19

Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications

Respiratory assessment is a cornerstone of nursing assessments, crucial for the early detection of patient deterioration. This evaluation transcends routine procedures, representing a critical skill nurses must master to ensure optimal patient care.
Objectives and Importance:
The primary goal of respiratory assessment is to evaluate patients at early risk of clinical deterioration. Since respiratory distress often precedes other signs of declining health, breathing patterns and sounds become a...
Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...

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Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures
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Time course of alterations in pre- and post-synaptic chemoreceptor function during developmental hyperoxia.

David F Donnelly1, Ryan W Bavis, Insook Kim

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Respiratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
|May 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Postnatal hyperoxia exposure initially enhances, then impairs carotid body responses to hypoxia. This affects both nerve signals and cell function, impacting breathing regulation long-term.

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Postnatal hyperoxia exposure is known to impair ventilatory responses to hypoxia.
  • The carotid body is a key chemoreceptor sensing oxygen levels and regulating breathing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the time-course of pre- and post-synaptic changes in the carotid body following postnatal hyperoxia exposure.
  • To determine how hyperoxia affects the neural and cellular responses to acute hypoxia over time.

Main Methods:

  • Exposure to hyperoxia (60% O2) from postnatal day 7 (P7) for 1, 3, 5, 8, and 14 days.
  • Assessment of carotid body nerve response, glomus cell calcium signaling, catecholamine release, and nerve conduction velocity.
  • Comparison with age-matched control groups.

Main Results:

  • Short-term (1 day) hyperoxia enhanced hypoxia-induced nerve and glomus cell calcium responses.
  • Prolonged exposure (3-5 days) significantly reduced both nerve and glomus cell calcium responses to hypoxia.
  • Hypoxia-induced catecholamine release and nerve conduction velocity were decreased by 5 days of hyperoxia.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperoxia induces both pre-synaptic (glomus cell) and post-synaptic (afferent nerve) alterations in the carotid body.
  • These changes initially enhance, then significantly reduce the chemoreceptor response to acute hypoxia.
  • Environmental hyperoxia impacts the critical link between acute hypoxia and carotid body cellular regulation.