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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Published on: May 26, 2023

Soft tissue injuries: 7 Shoulder and elbow.

D Limb¹, J Rankine, J Sloan

¹Countess of Chester Hospital, Liverpool Road, Chester, UK. john.sloan@coch.nhs.uk

Emergency Medicine Journal : EMJ

|May 26, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study details soft tissue injuries affecting the shoulder and elbow. It covers key aspects of assessment, diagnostic imaging, and therapeutic strategies for these common injuries.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Published on: May 26, 2023

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Sports Medicine
Musculoskeletal System

Background:

Soft tissue injuries of the shoulder and elbow are prevalent in both athletic and general populations.
These injuries can significantly impact function and quality of life if not managed appropriately.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of soft tissue injuries specific to the shoulder and elbow.
To outline current best practices for the assessment and diagnosis of these injuries.
To discuss contemporary treatment considerations, including conservative and surgical options.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on shoulder and elbow soft tissue injuries.
Synthesis of information regarding diagnostic modalities.
Compilation of evidence-based treatment approaches.

Main Results:

Detailed description of common soft tissue pathologies affecting the shoulder and elbow.
Emphasis on the importance of thorough clinical assessment and appropriate imaging selection.
Discussion of varied treatment pathways tailored to injury type and severity.

Conclusions:

Effective management of shoulder and elbow soft tissue injuries relies on accurate diagnosis and individualized treatment plans.
A multidisciplinary approach may be beneficial for complex cases.
Continued research is needed to further refine treatment strategies.